The effect of protonation on structural modification in layers

The results on protonation in solutions and melts of salts and acids, as well as structural changes associated with the formation of nanocomposition structure of materials are discussed. It is demonstrated by structural methods that proton localization is invariant to the volume in the protonated layer and is accompanied by changes between oxygen distances, enlargement of the unit cell and transition to the rhombic phase. Having the maximum crystal-chemical activity, protons create the hexagonal lattice in accordance with the features of equipotential pictures of their nonequilibrium electrostatic fields. The increase in the integral intensity of reflexes observed on neutronograms of protonated LiNbO ₃ (102), (111), (113) is associated with the ordering of protons in the hexagonal oxygen sublattice of the initial phase.