Low-temperature nanodoping of protonated LiNbO3 crystals by univalent ions

In the nanocomposite model developed here, crystals are treated as subordinate aggregate of pro- ton-selected structural elements, their blocks, and proton-containing quantum sublattices with preferred transport effects separating them. The formation of stratified reversible hexagonal structures is accompanied with protonation and formation of a dense network of H-bonds ensuring the nanocomposite properties. Nanodoping with H⁺ ions occurs during processing of crystals and glasses in melts as well as in aqueous solutions of Ag, Tl, Rb, and Cs salts. The isotope exchange H⁺ ↔ D⁺ and ion exchange H⁺ ↔ M⁺ lead to nanodoping of protonated materials with D⁺ and M⁺ ions. This is manifested especially clearly in Li-depleted nonequilibrium LiNbO₃ and LiTaO₃ crystals. Low-temperature proton-ion nanodoping over superlattices is a basically new approach to analysis of the structure and properties of extremely nonequilibrium materials.