How does the Sun affect the surface temperature?

We continue to develop a constructive idea of synchronicity as an essential factor in the solar-terrestrial relations. The results of applying this approach to a Wolf number series and a temperature series measured at 818 weather stations in the Northern Hemisphere from 1955 to 2010 are presented. New manifestations of the solar activity are considered and confirmed. The sun effect on the surface temperature at a weather station is estimated by the cosine of the angle between two vectors defined by the series under study in a cyclic time. The sun effect is distributed over weather stations, in both space and time, and has a quasi-monotonic dependence on the average monthly temperature. Various manifestations of the sun effect are discovered, and conditions of their occurrence are discussed. We believe that further development of our approach will allow the formation of a general view of the phenomenon under study. The approach is expedient for the analysis of observational data, analytical transformations, and climate modelling.