TY - JOUR
T1 - Delayed parasympathetic reactivation and sympathetic withdrawal following maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in hypoxia
AU - Fornasiero, Alessandro
AU - Savoldelli, Aldo
AU - Skafidas, Spyros
AU - Stella, Federico
AU - Bortolan, Lorenzo
AU - Boccia, Gennaro
AU - Zignoli, Andrea
AU - Schena, Federico
AU - Mourot, Laurent
AU - Pellegrini, Barbara
PY - 2018/10/1
Y1 - 2018/10/1
N2 - Purpose: This study investigated the effects of acute hypoxic exposure on post-exercise cardiac autonomic modulation following maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). Methods: Thirteen healthy men performed CPET and recovery in normoxia (N) and normobaric hypoxia (H) (FiO2 = 13.4%, ≈ 3500 m). Post-exercise cardiac autonomic modulation was assessed during recovery (300 s) through the analysis of fast-phase and slow-phase heart rate recovery (HRR) and heart rate variability (HRV) indices. Results: Both short-term, T30 (mean difference (MD) 60.0 s, 95% CI 18.2–101.8, p = 0.009, ES 1.01), and long-term, HRRt (MD 21.7 s, 95% CI 4.1–39.3, p = 0.020, ES 0.64), time constants of HRR were higher in H. Fast-phase (30 and 60 s) and slow-phase (300 s) HRR indices were reduced in H either when expressed in bpm or in percentage of HRpeak (p < 0.05). Chronotropic reserve recovery was lower in H than in N at 30 s (MD − 3.77%, 95% CI − 7.06 to − 0.49, p = 0.028, ES − 0.80) and at 60 s (MD − 7.23%, 95% CI − 11.45 to − 3.01, p = 0.003, ES − 0.81), but not at 300 s (p = 0.436). Concurrently, Ln-RMSSD was reduced in H at 60 and 90 s (p < 0.01) but not at other time points during recovery (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Affected fast-phase, slow-phase HRR and HRV indices suggested delayed parasympathetic reactivation and sympathetic withdrawal after maximal exercise in hypoxia. However, a similar cardiac autonomic recovery was re-established within 5 min after exercise cessation. These findings have several implications in cardiac autonomic recovery interpretation and in HR assessment in response to high-intensity hypoxic exercise.
AB - Purpose: This study investigated the effects of acute hypoxic exposure on post-exercise cardiac autonomic modulation following maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). Methods: Thirteen healthy men performed CPET and recovery in normoxia (N) and normobaric hypoxia (H) (FiO2 = 13.4%, ≈ 3500 m). Post-exercise cardiac autonomic modulation was assessed during recovery (300 s) through the analysis of fast-phase and slow-phase heart rate recovery (HRR) and heart rate variability (HRV) indices. Results: Both short-term, T30 (mean difference (MD) 60.0 s, 95% CI 18.2–101.8, p = 0.009, ES 1.01), and long-term, HRRt (MD 21.7 s, 95% CI 4.1–39.3, p = 0.020, ES 0.64), time constants of HRR were higher in H. Fast-phase (30 and 60 s) and slow-phase (300 s) HRR indices were reduced in H either when expressed in bpm or in percentage of HRpeak (p < 0.05). Chronotropic reserve recovery was lower in H than in N at 30 s (MD − 3.77%, 95% CI − 7.06 to − 0.49, p = 0.028, ES − 0.80) and at 60 s (MD − 7.23%, 95% CI − 11.45 to − 3.01, p = 0.003, ES − 0.81), but not at 300 s (p = 0.436). Concurrently, Ln-RMSSD was reduced in H at 60 and 90 s (p < 0.01) but not at other time points during recovery (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Affected fast-phase, slow-phase HRR and HRV indices suggested delayed parasympathetic reactivation and sympathetic withdrawal after maximal exercise in hypoxia. However, a similar cardiac autonomic recovery was re-established within 5 min after exercise cessation. These findings have several implications in cardiac autonomic recovery interpretation and in HR assessment in response to high-intensity hypoxic exercise.
KW - Cardiac autonomic activity
KW - Heart rate recovery
KW - Hypoxia
KW - Hypoxic exercise
KW - Post-exercise recovery
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U2 - 10.1007/s00421-018-3945-5
DO - 10.1007/s00421-018-3945-5
M3 - Article
C2 - 30051338
AN - SCOPUS:85050682523
VL - 118
SP - 2189
EP - 2201
JO - European Journal of Applied Physiology
JF - European Journal of Applied Physiology
SN - 1439-6319
IS - 10
ER -