Coupling models of new material synthesis in modern technologies

Today, additive manufacturing (AM) technologies attract large attention. One can define these technologies as step-by-step construction or synthesis of parts from identical or different materials. Stereolithography, selective laser melting, selective laser sintering, hot isostatic pressing, and combined technologies belong to AM technologies. Electron-beam (EB) technologies are also popular. Coating synthesis and surface treatment using EB, composite material synthesis, and various technologies of material joining could be also added to additive manufacturing. Since the experimental investigation of technological processes (dynamics of chemical composition, evolution of structure and properties) is very complicated, mathematical modeling can help in this field. This section presents the approach to predictive model construction. Together with chemical reactions accompanying the change of properties, the technological conditions are analyzed. General equations include the energy equation, balance equations for species, equilibrium equation, and governing equation containing terms describing numerous cross effects. Examples of particular model are presented for accepted technologies of surface treatment. The first model describes the surface modification using electron beam and particles that dissolve in a melting pool and change the composition. The second model describes the composition change during the coating deposition and includes coupling effects between transfer processes and mechanical ones. Multilayered coating forms on the metal surface during ion deposition from gas, solution, or plasma. The third model gives the modeling concept for choosing the technological conditions for homogeneous coating creation on the substrate using chemical reactions and external heating. These models relate immediately to additive manufacturing where metals are used.